Vanadium is a chemical element with the symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery-grey, malleable transition metal.Vanadium is a medium-hard, steel-blue metal. Although a lesser-known metal, it is quite valuable in the manufacturing industry due to its malleable, ductile and corrosion-resistant qualities.
Vanadium rarely exists as a free element in nature but can be found in about 65 different minerals, including magnetite, vanadinite, carnotite and patronite. It also can be found in phosphate rock and some crude oils. Vanadium is usually obtained by heating crushed ore in the presence of carbon and chlorine to produce vanadium trichloride, which is then heated with magnesium in an argon atmosphere, according to Jefferson Lab. Around 98 percent of mined vanadium ore comes from South Africa, Russia, and China.
Characteristics of vanadium
Vanadium is an average-hard, ductile, steel-blue metal. It is electrically conductive and thermally insulating.
Vanadium is usually described as "soft", because it is ductile, malleable, and not brittle.[16][17] Vanadium is harder than most metals and steels (see Hardnesses of the elements (data page) and iron). It has good resistance to corrosion and it is stable against alkalis and sulfuric and hydrochloric acids.[18] It is oxidized in air at about 933 K (660 °C, 1220 °F), although an oxide passivation layer forms even at room temperature.
Vanadium compounds are not regarded as serious hazard, however, workers exposed to vanadium peroxide dust were found to suffer severe eye, nose and throat irritation.
The uptake of vanadium by humans mainly takes place through foodstuffs, such as buckwheat, soya beans, olive oil, sunflower oil, apples and eggs.
Vanadium can have a number of effects on human health, when the uptake is too high. When vanadium uptake takes places through air it can cause bronchitis and pneumonia.
The acute effects of vanadium are irritation of lungs, throat, eyes and nasal cavities.
Other health effects of vanadium uptake are:
...
Cardiac and vascular disease
Inflammation of stomach and intestines
Damage to the nervous system
Bleeding of livers and kidneys
Skin rashes
Severe trembling and paralyses
Nose bleeds and throat pains
Weakening
Sickness and headaches
Dizziness
Behavioural changes
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